我国南方地区一次连续降雹过程的卫星云图分析

应用日本GMS卫星3小时一次的红外和可见光云图,结合常规气象资料对1983年4月26日开始的连续三天的降雹过程进行了中尺度分析,讨论了过程的天气特点和发生发展的物理条件以及各种天气系统、天气条件间的相互作用,及其对强对流天气发生发展的作用。     

Grounded or submerged bulk carrier: the potential for leaching of coal trace elements to seawater

This study investigates the potential for leaching of coal trace elements to seawater from a grounded bulk carrier. The coal type and ecological scenario was based on the grounding of the "Shen Neng" (April 2010) at Douglas Shoal located within the Great Barrier Reef (Queensland, Australia). The area is of high ecological value and the Queensland Water Quality Guidelines (2009) provided threshold limits to interpret potential impacts. Coal contains many trace elements that are of major and moderate concern to human health and the environment although many of these concerns are only realised when coal is combusted. However, "unburnt" coal contains trace elements that may be leached to natural waterways and few studies have investigated the potential ecological impact of such an occurrence. For example, coal maritime transport has increased by almost 35% over the last five reported years (Jaffrennou et al., 2007) and as a result there is an increased inherent risk of bulk carrier accidents. Upon grounding or becoming submerged, coal within a bulk carrier may become saturated with seawater and potentially leach trace elements to the environment and impact on water quality and ecological resilience. The worst case scenario is the breakup of a bulk carrier and dispersal of cargo to the seafloor.     

Survival and movements of Magellanic penguins rehabilitated from oil fouling along the coast of South America, 2000-2010

Oil pollution is a significant conservation concern. We examined data from six institutions along the coast of South America: Emergency Relief Team of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, Fundación Mundo Marino, Centro de Recupera??o de Animais Marinhos, Natura Patagonia, Associa??o R3 Animal, and Mar del Plata Aquarium and data from resightings in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Falkland/Malvinas Islands. From 2000 to 2010, 2183 oiled Magellanic penguins were rehabilitated as part of the routine activities of these institutions or during emergency responses to eight oil spills in which they were involved; all rehabilitated penguins were flipper banded and released. Since their release, 41 penguins were resighted until 31 December 2011. The results demonstrate that, when combined with other prevention strategies, the rehabilitation of Magellanic penguins is a strategy that contributes to the mitigation of adverse effects of oil spills and chronic pollution to the species.     

新一代天气雷达产品在MICAPS中的显示与调用

介绍了新一代天气雷达产品的文件数据格式及实现在MICAPS中显示的方法。给出了在Lambert投影下将雷达回波的极坐标数据转换成经纬度位置,并计算网格点坐标的公式。通过更换BMP图像文件的文件头,实现MICAPS十三类数据格式的转换。并对坐标缩放系数的计算、调色板文件进行了说明。     

Experimental Study of Cement - Sandstone/Shale - Brine - CO2 Interactions

Background

Reactive-transport simulation is a tool that is being used to estimate long-term trapping of CO₂, and wellbore and cap rock integrity for geologic CO₂ storage. We reacted end member components of a heterolithic sandstone and shale unit that forms the upper section of the In Salah Gas Project carbon storage reservoir in Krechba, Algeria with supercritical CO₂, brine, and with/without cement at reservoir conditions to develop experimentally constrained geochemical models for use in reactive transport simulations.

Results

We observe marked changes in solution composition when CO₂ reacted with cement, sandstone, and shale components at reservoir conditions. The geochemical model for the reaction of sandstone and shale with CO₂ and brine is a simple one in which albite, chlorite, illite and carbonate minerals partially dissolve and boehmite, smectite, and amorphous silica precipitate. The geochemical model for the wellbore environment is also fairly simple, in which alkaline cements and rock react with CO₂-rich brines to form an Fe containing calcite, amorphous silica, smectite and boehmite or amorphous Al(OH)₃.

Conclusions

Our research shows that relatively simple geochemical models can describe the dominant reactions that are likely to occur when CO₂ is stored in deep saline aquifers sealed with overlying shale cap rocks, as well as the dominant reactions for cement carbonation at the wellbore interface.     

柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源变化特征(英文)

基于风资源梯度自动观测系统,对柴达木盆地东缘地区风资源时间变化及空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)研究区域具有较为丰富的风资源,3-25 m s-1之间风速累计时数平均超过6600h,也即275d,超过全年总时数的75%。从各梯度来看,随高度增加累积时数总体增加,小风时越往低层风速累计时数越大,大风时越往高层风速累计数越大;各分析站点中戈壁(GB)<3 m s-1风速时数相对最高,诺木洪(NMH)相对最低,≥3 m s-1风速时数正好相反;有效风速累计小时数小灶火(XZH)各梯度间差异不大,戈壁(GB)总体相对最小。(2)各梯度优势风速谱域基本处在3-9 m s-1范围,峰值风速出现在4-6 m s-1之间;除10 m梯度外,其余各梯度风速频率分布差异不大。相比较其它各层,10 m高度层小风出现频次较高,其余层6-12 m s-1的风速出现频次较高。(3)从不同方位风速及风功率密度情况来看,除戈壁(GB)外,总体优势风为西北风;除诺木洪外,总体风速差异不大。(4)随高度增加风速和风功率密度逐渐增大;但各站点之间差异较大。从逐月情况来看,小灶火(XZH)5-8月份平均风功率密度较大、诺木洪(NMH)和戈壁(GB)分别在4月和8月呈现出两个峰值、快尔玛(KEM)则在冬春季节风资源较丰富,而在夏季较贫乏;从逐小时情况来看,小灶火(XZH)和诺木洪(NMH)呈现出伴随地面温度升高风功率密度逐渐降低的趋势,戈壁(GB)和快尔玛(KEM)则正好相反。(5)各层风平均湍流强度为0.199,平均切变指数为0.075,自10-70m梯度湍流强度和切变指数总体自低层到高层逐渐降低。时间变化情况为,湍流强度与当地气温变化趋势基本一致,即高温对应高湍流,低温对应低湍流;切变指数变化趋势基本与湍流强度相反;各梯度间湍流强度自低层向高层递降,切变指数在10-30m层间最明显。各站点各层次湍流强度基本在0.1-0.25之间,属中等强度;切变指数各站点各层之间差异较大,总体小灶火(XZH)最小,诺木洪(NMH)最大,而且小灶火(XZH)底层为正切变,高层为负切变。期望通过本研究为该地区风电场布设及近地面层风能资源利用提供技术依据。     

细胞自动生成破裂模型中非均质性对破裂形成的影响

岩石破裂是个复杂的过程，它一般涉及到破裂过程的复杂性和多样性，以及材料的非均生。因此，必然要采用理论方法建立破裂模型。本文根据破裂系统的基本物理特征，充分考虑点阵要素的非均质性，试图遵循一定规则来建立破裂模型，模拟控制地震形成的破裂过程。